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• Reciprocal learning across borders and disease programmes
  Daniel J Ward
  Published on: 27 December 2018

• Published on: 27 December 2018

  Reciprocal learning across borders and disease programmes

  • Daniel J Ward, Student Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

  The report on the reciprocal learning approach used for the Self-Management and Reciprocal learning for the prevention and management of Type 2 Diabetes (SMART2D) project is a valuable example of how interventions, specifically those improving the strength and equity of health systems, can be improved through partnerships across borders (1). The project emphasises the need to adapt interventions to local contexts, and share this learning among researchers and health workers. This report also alludes to the challenges that can stem from cultural and power differences both between researcher and participants, and between collaborating researchers. This indicates the importance of shared leadership and decision-making, as well as shared learning, throughout the process of intervention design.

  The groundwork of the SMART2D project included a literature review of the role of community health workers (CHWs), and this has provided an insightful compass for future research (2). The vast majority of studies evaluating the role of the CHWs have been conducted in the US. CWHs in the US perform diverse tasks going beyond patient education and medication adherence, including connecting patients to community resources such as exercise groups, and advocating for them in a complex medical system. Despite patients' frequent contact with primary care, this system often fails to provide them with adequate understanding of their condition (3). Diabetes management in high-income co...

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  The report on the reciprocal learning approach used for the Self-Management and Reciprocal learning for the prevention and management of Type 2 Diabetes (SMART2D) project is a valuable example of how interventions, specifically those improving the strength and equity of health systems, can be improved through partnerships across borders (1). The project emphasises the need to adapt interventions to local contexts, and share this learning among researchers and health workers. This report also alludes to the challenges that can stem from cultural and power differences both between researcher and participants, and between collaborating researchers. This indicates the importance of shared leadership and decision-making, as well as shared learning, throughout the process of intervention design.

  The groundwork of the SMART2D project included a literature review of the role of community health workers (CHWs), and this has provided an insightful compass for future research (2). The vast majority of studies evaluating the role of the CHWs have been conducted in the US. CWHs in the US perform diverse tasks going beyond patient education and medication adherence, including connecting patients to community resources such as exercise groups, and advocating for them in a complex medical system. Despite patients' frequent contact with primary care, this system often fails to provide them with adequate understanding of their condition (3). Diabetes management in high-income countries could indeed benefit from learning processes that engage service providers with the needs of service users. A relatively small number of studies have investigated the effectiveness of diabetes interventions involving CHWs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These indicated positive outcomes in self-management, glucose control, and body mass index; however, these studies often lacked detailed characterisation of the role played by CHWs (4). The burgeoning epidemic of diabetes in LMICs demands context-specific research to assess the position of CHWs, and to shape opportunities for developing their role in diabetes management.

  Adaptation of health interventions at the local level is key to making them relevant and acceptable to the communities they serve. In this area, diabetes management programmes can learn reciprocally from HIV intervention programmes, which have developed beyond reducing transmission, to chronic infection management, community engagement, and raising global awareness. The double burden of diabetes and infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis, known to have interactions at the physiological as well as societal level, demands stronger health systems that can provide joined-up care. Previous studies have shown the central role of community-based individuals for outreach and mobilization in HIV interventions. They furthermore provide guidance on how to adapt interventions to their implementation sites, including the involvement of local staff in the adaptation process (5). Patients must also be stakeholders in the learning and adaptation process. We can anticipate that reciprocal learning approaches to health service development, both internationally and between disease-specific health programmes, will enhance services and strengthen resource-limited health systems.

  References

  1. van Olmen J, Delobelle P, Guwatudde D, Absetz P, Sanders D, Mölsted Alvesson H, et al. Using a cross-contextual reciprocal learning approach in a multisite implementation research project to improve self-management for type 2 diabetes. BMJ Glob Heal. 2018 Nov 26;3(6):e001068.

  2. Egbujie BA, Delobelle PA, Levitt N, Puoane T, Sanders D, van Wyk B. Role of community health workers in type 2 diabetes mellitus self-management: A scoping review. PLoS One 2018;13(6):e0198424.

  3. Silverman J, Krieger J, Sayre G, Nelson K. The Value of Community Health Workers in Diabetes Management in Low-Income Populations: A Qualitative Study. J Community Health. 2018 Oct 1;43(5):842–7.

  4. Alaofè H, Asaolu I, Ehiri J, Moretz H, Asuzu C, Balogun M, et al. Community Health Workers in Diabetes Prevention and Management in Developing Countries. Ann Glob Heal. 2017 May 1;83(3–4):661–75.

  5. Kevany S, Khumalo-Sakutukwa G, Murima O, Chingono A, Modiba P, Gray G, et al. Health diplomacy and the adaptation of global health interventions to local needs in sub-Saharan Africa and Thailand: evaluating findings from Project Accept (HPTN 043). BMC Public Health. 2012 Jun 20;12:459.

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  Conflict of Interest:
  None declared.

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