In Third World countries today one must have a knowledge of and appreciation for traditional medical beliefs and practices if one is to understand each nation's particular adaptation to a modern health care system. Taking the particular example of Vietnam, we discuss the current formal health care system and the traditional herbal medicines, dietary regulations and dermal techniques which are still important elements in the peoples' choice and perception of health care. There is then a discussion of how traditional medical beliefs and practices have shaped the practice of health care in Vietnam today.