Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Science and Society
  • Published:

Science & society

Virtual drug discovery and development for neglected diseases through public–private partnerships

Abstract

In this article, we discuss the challenges, recent developments and new thinking on drug R&D for neglected diseases through public–private partnerships. The focus on virtual drug discovery and development as operationalized through these partnerships brings many advantages, as well as scientific and managerial challenges. Some are common to those faced by all drug R&D ventures. Others, for example the need for drugs with a very low cost of manufacture that are easy to use in resource-poor environments and an active engagement in disease-endemic countries, are unique to this novel paradigm.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Relevant articles

Open Access articles citing this article.

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1: Managerial aspects of drug R&D process.

References

  1. Trouiller, P. et al. Drugs development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public health policy failure. Lancet 359, 2188–2194 (2002).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Mrazek, M. F. & Mossialos, E. Stimulating pharmaceutical research and development for neglected diseases. Health Policy (New York) 64, 75–88 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Haffner, M. E., Whitley, J. & Moses, M. Two decades of orphan product development. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 1, 821–825 (2002).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Trouiller, P. et al. Drugs for neglected diseases: a failure of the market and public health failure. Trop. Med. Int. Health 6, 945–951 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sachs, J. The link of public health and economic development. Office of Health Economics, London (2001).

  6. Kettler, H. E. & Modi, R. Building local research and development capacity for prevention and cure of neglected diseases: the case for India. Bull. World Health Organization 79, 742–747 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Medecins Sans Frontieres Access to Essential Medicines Campaign. Fatal imbalance, the crises in research and development for drugs for neglected diseases (2001).

  8. Reich, M. R. The global drug gap. Science 287, 1979–1981 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Remme, J. F. H. et al. Strategic emphasis for tropical disease research. A TDR perspective. Trends Parasitol. 18, 421–426 (2002).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Nossal, G. J. Modern medicine and global communicable diseases: new partnerships for progress. Aust. NZ J. Med. 30, 267–271 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Yamey, G. Public sector must develop drugs for neglected diseases. BMJ 324, 698 (2002).

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Kettler, H. & Towse, A. Public–private partnerships for research and development: medicines and vaccines for diseases of poverty. Office of Health Economics, London (2002).

  13. Bruneton, C. et al. The drug trade between European countries and developing countries. Med. Trop. (Mars) 57, 375–379 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Global Forum for Health Research. The 10/90 report of research 2001–2002. Global Forum for Health Research, Geneva (2002).

  15. Widdus, R. Public–private partnerships for health: their main targets, their diversity, and their future directions. Bull. World Health Organization 79, 728–734 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development. Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics for Health, World Health Organisation, Geneva (2001).

  17. Veekan, H. & Pecoule, B. Drugs for 'neglected diseases': a bitter pill. Trop. Med. Int. Health 5, 309–311 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Froese, E. H. Meeting the pharmaceutical needs of a developing country. World Health Forum 12, 25–28 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bryceson, A. Current issues in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.) 190, 81–84 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Legros, D. et al. Treatment of human African trypanosomiasis: present situation and needs for research and development. Lancet 2, 437–440 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Seawort, B. J. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 16, 73–105 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rosenthal, P. J. Antimalarial Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action, Resistance, and New Directions in Drug Discovery (Humana, Totowa, 2001).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Morel, C. M. Reaching maturity: 25 years of the TDR. Parasitol. Today 16, 503–551 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ridley R. G. Putting the partnership into public–private partnerships. Bull. World Health Organization 79, 694 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ridley, R. G. Medical need, scientific opportunity and the drive for antimalarials. Nature 415, 686–693 (2002).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. TDR News. MMV: New Medicines for Malaria Venture. February (1999).

  27. Wheeler, C. & Berkley, S. Initial lessons from public–private partnerships in drug and vaccine development. Bull. World Health Organization 79, 728–734 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ridley, R. G. et al. Round table. A role of public–private partnerships in controlling neglected diseases. Bull. World Health Organization 79, 771–777 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Nagle, T., Berg, C., Nassr, R. & Pang, K. The further evolution of biotech. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 2, 75–79 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kettler, H. & White, K. Valuing industry contributions to public–private partnerships for health product development. (Initiative for Public–Private Partnerships for Health, 2003).

  31. Medicines for Malaria Venture. Annual Report (2002).

  32. Coates, A. et al. The future challenges facing the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 1, 895–909 (2002).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ridley, R. G. Product R&D for neglected diseases: twenty-seven years of WHO/TDR experiences with public–private partnerships. EMBO Rep. 4, S43–S46 (2003).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Sundar, S. et al. Oral miltefosine for Indian visceral leishmaniasis. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1739–1746 (2002).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lang, T. & Greenwood, B. The development of Lapdap, an affordable new treatment for malaria. Lancet Infect. Dis. 3, 162–167 (2003).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Winstanley, P. Chlorproguanil-dapsone (LAPDAP) for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Trop. Med. Int. Health 6, 952–954 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Medicines for Malaria Venture. Business Plan (2003).

  38. Vennerstrom, J. L. et al. Spiro and Dispiro 1,2, 4-trioxolanes antimalarials. US patent 6,486,199 filed (2002).

  39. Report of the Advisory Committee on Health Research: Genomic and world health. World Health Organization, Geneva (2002).

  40. Gutierrez, J. A. Genomics: from novel genes to new therapeutics in parasitolgy. Int. J. Parasitol. 30, 247–252 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rosamond, J. & Allsop, A. Harnessing the power of the genome in the search for new antibiotics. Science 287, 1973–1976 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gardner, J. et al. Genome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 419, 498–511 (2002).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ersfeld, K. Genomes and genome projects of protozoan parasites. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 5, 61–74 (2003).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. DiMasi, J. A. et al. Cost of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. J. Health Econ. 10, 107–142 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Barry, C. E. et al. DNA microarrays and combinatorial chemical libraries: tools for the drug discovery pipeline. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 4, S189–S193 (2000).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Buysse, J. The role of genomics in antibacterial target discovery. Curr. Med. Chem. 8, 1763–1776 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Murray D. M. & Shinket, R. Discovery and development of a genomic drug. Curr. Drug Disc. June, 27–33 (2003).

  48. Mattieu, M. P. Parexel's pharmaceutical R&D statistical sourcebook. Parexel International Corp. Waltham, MA (2002/2003).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Frost, L. & Reich, M. Mectizan donation program: origins, experiences, and relationships with coordinating bodies for onchocerciasis control. Boston, MA, Harvard School of Public Health (1998).

  50. Hursey, B. S. The programme against African trypanosomiasis: aims, objectives and achievements. Trends Parasitol. 17, 2–3 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Guerin, P. J. et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2, 494–501 (2002).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Zumla, A. Drugs for neglected diseases. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2, 393 (2002).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Antimalarial drug combination therapy. Report of WHO Technical Consultation (2001).

  54. Stead, A. M. W. et al. Diamidine compounds: selective uptake and targeting in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Pharmacol. 59, 1298–1306 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Gelb, M. H. et al. Protein farnesyltransferases: piggy-back medicinal chemistry targets for the development of antitrypanosomatids and antimalarial therapeutics. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 126, 155–163 (2003).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Rosenthal, P. J. et al. Cysteine proteases of malaria parasites: targets for chemotherapy. Curr. Pharm. Des. 8, 1659–1672 (2002).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. MMV/GSK Press Release, June (2003) (see www.mmv.org).

  58. Nwaka, S. Prospective antimalarial drug discovery and development. TDR Scientific Working Group on Malaria. March (2003).

  59. Bhattacharya, S. Capacity building for clinical trials: the investigator's perspective, TDR News 69, November (2002).

  60. Medaglini, D. & Hoeveler, A. The European research efforts on HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Vaccines 21, S116–S120 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Dickson, D. WHO and industry combine to form ethics body. Nature Med. 8, 645 (2002).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ridley, R. Antimalarial drug discovery and development: an industrial perspective. Exp. Parasitol. 87, 293–304 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Roberts, S. A. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics in drug discovery. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. 6, 66–80 (2003).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Frantz, S. Screening the right candidate. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 2, 331 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Di, L. & Kerns, E. H. Profiling drug-like properties in discovery research. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 7, 402–408 (2003).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lipinski, C., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B. & Feeney, P. Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility in drug discovery and development settings. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 23, 3–25 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Venkatesh, S. & Lipper, R. Role of the development scientist in compound lead selection and optimization. J. Pharm. Sci. 89, 145–154 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Keatley, K. L. A comparison of the U. S. EPA FIFRA GLP standards with the U. S. FDA GLP standards for nonclinical laboratory studies. Qual. Assur. 7, 147–154 (1999).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Molzon, J. The Common Technical Document: the changing face of the New Drug Application. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 2, 71–74 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. Impact Reports (1999 and 2000).

  71. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. International Conference on Harmonisation; guidance on M4 common technical document; availability. Notice. Fed Regist. 66, 52634–52637 (2001).

  72. DiMasi, J. A., Hansen, R. W. & Grabowski, H. G. The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs. J. Health Econ. 22, 157–185 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank M. Bendig and D. Kioy for their assistance in conceptualizing Box 3. We thank S. Campbell for his contributions to Box 4. We thank P. Rosenthal, C. Morel and C. Craft for critical reading of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Related links

Related links

FURTHER INFORMATION

Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative

Global Alliance for TB Drug Development

Institute for One World Health

Medicines for Malaria Venture

World Health Organization/Tropical Disease Reserch

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nwaka, S., Ridley, R. Virtual drug discovery and development for neglected diseases through public–private partnerships. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2, 919–928 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1230

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1230

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing