User fees for health care in developing countries: A case study of Bangladesh
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Hidden costs: The direct and indirect impact of user fees on access to malaria treatment and primary care in Mali
2012, Social Science and MedicineCitation Excerpt :At the 1978 International Conference in Alma Alta, 134 health ministries signed a commitment to achieve universal access to primary health care, declaring health to be a human right (WHO & UNICEF, 1978). In the following years, however, and in the context of inflation, recession, foreign debt, and structural adjustment programs of the 1980s, African governments faced pressure to reduce public spending on health care while also improving the reach and impact of their primary health care systems (Cueto, 2004; Stanton & Clemens, 1989). To address these competing pressures, the Bamako Initiative of 1987 and a World Bank policy document (Akin, Birdsall, & De Ferranti, 1987) urged countries to adopt user fee policies aimed to improve equity by supporting the development of a decentralized primary care system (Akin et al., 1987), improve efficiency (Musgrove, 1986), enhance quality and sustainability through cost recovery, and encourage community engagement in primary health care delivery (Jarrett & Ofosu-Amaah, 1992; Keshavjee, 2004).
User fees and health service utilization in Vietnam: How to protect the poor?
2008, Public HealthCitation Excerpt :The key components of health reforms promoted in the 1980s and 1990s were changes in financing methods, including the introduction of service charges or user fees and the decentralization of decision-making processes.2 However, in developing and transitional economies, the introduction of user fees has not always been accompanied by an emphasis on social development.3–9 As a result, the implementation of user fees potentially contributes to inequality in health, education and income.6
Factors explaining quality of primary health care in Logone Occidental (Chad)
2004, Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Sante PubliqueTrends in Concurrent Maternal and Perinatal Deaths at a Teaching Hospital in Ghana: The Facts and Prevention Strategies
2004, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology CanadaIndigenous social insurance as an alternative financing mechanism for health care in Ethiopia (the case of eders)
2003, Social Science and MedicineGender dimensions of user fees: Implications for women's utilization of health care
2002, Reproductive Health Matters