Operational domain | Focus of the research and operational issues of specific health programme | Location | Study design | Outcome | Users of the research output | Limitations |
Training interventions | ||||||
Carlo WA, McClure EM, Chomba E, et al. Newborn care training of midwives and neonatal and perinatal mortality rates in a developing country. Pediatrics 2010;126:e1064–71. doi:10.1542/peds.2009–3464 | Facility-based essential newborn care and resuscitation training | Zambia | Before and after | Neonatal mortality, stillbirth | Healthcare providers, programme managers, policy-makers | Before and after design |
Petroze RT, Byiringiro JC, Ntakiyiruta G, et al. Can focused trauma education initiatives reduce mortality or improve resource utilisation in a low-resource setting? World J Surg 2015;39:926–33. doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2899-y | Focused trauma education | Rwanda | Pre–post study | Emergency department mortality | Healthcare provider, programme managers, policy-makers | Before and after design, no causation |
Bhoi S, Thakur N, Verma P, et al. Does community emergency care initiative improve the knowledge and skill of healthcare workers and laypersons in basic emergency care in India? J Emerg Trauma Shock 2016;9:10–6. doi:10.4103/0974–2700.173870 | Community emergency care | India | Pre–post study | Improvement in knowledge and skill | Healthcare provider, programme managers, policy-makers | Before and after design |
Neonatal health | ||||||
Carlo WA, McClure EM, Chomba E, et al. Newborn care training of midwives and neonatal and perinatal mortality rates in a developing country. Pediatrics 2010;126:e1064–71. doi:10.1542/peds.2009–3464 | Population-based essential newborn care and resuscitation training | Argentina, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guatemala, India, Pakistan and Zambia | Active baseline pre–post study, cluster RCT | Neonatal mortality, stillbirth | Healthcare providers, programme managers, policy-makers | Before and after design |
Out-of-hospital care | ||||||
Pasha O, Goldenberg RL, McClure EM, et al. Communities, birth attendants and health facilities: a continuum of emergency maternal and newborn care (the global network’s EmONC trial). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2010;10:82. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-10-82 | Community and facility-based practices | Argentina, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Pakistan and Zambia | Cluster RCT | Maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidities | Healthcare providers, programme managers and policy-makers | Complex expensive intervention |
Murad MK, Husum H. Trained lay first responders reduce trauma mortality: a controlled study of rural trauma in Iraq. Prehosp Disaster Med 2010;25:533–9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21181688 (accessed 17 May 2018) | Field-based trauma care | Iraq | Case–control | Trauma patient mortality rate | Healthcare provider, programme managers, policy-makers | The validity of the main outcome variable |
Triage | ||||||
Althabe F, Belizán JM, McClure EM, et al. A population-based, multifaceted strategy to implement antenatal corticosteroid treatment vs standard care for the reduction of neonatal mortality due to preterm birth in low-income and middle-income countries: the ACT cluster-randomised trial. Lancet (London, England) 2015;385:629–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61651-2 | Community and facility triage for high-risk preterm labour with administration of antenatal steroids | Argentina, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Pakistan and Zambia | Cluster RCT | Neonatal mortality | Healthcare providers, programme managers, policy-makers | Misclassification of subgroups |
Implementation (implementation science) domain | ||||||
Goldenberg RL, Saleem S, Ali S, et al. Maternal near miss in low-resource areas. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2017;138:347–55. doi:10.1002/ijgo.12219 | Implementation of near miss identification and care | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Pakistan and Zambia | Implementation science | Maternal mortality | Healthcare providers, programme managers, policy-makers | Observational data |
Kesinger MR, Nagy LR, Sequeira DJ, et al. A standardised trauma care protocol decreased in-hospital mortality of patients with severe traumatic brain injury at a teaching hospital in a middle-income country. Injury 2014;45:1350–4. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2014.04.037 | Standardised trauma care protocol (STP) | Colombia | Pre and post STP | In-hospital mortality of TBI | Healthcare providers, programme managers, policy-makers | Only one hospital |
Robison JA, Ahmad ZP, Nosek CA, et al. Decreased paediatric hospital mortality after an intervention to improve emergency care in Lilongwe, Malawi. Paediatrics Published Online First: 2012. doi:10.1542/peds.2012–0026 | Reallocation of staff, institute triage system and stabilise patient before transfer to ward | Malawi | Pre/post intervention | Inpatient paediatric mortality | Healthcare providers, programme managers, policy-makers | Non-randomised |
Health systems domain | ||||||
Goudar SS, Carlo WA, McClure EM, et al. The Maternal and Newborn Health Registry Study of the Global Network for Women’s and Children’s Health Research. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2012;118:190–3. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.04.022 | Registry of every pregnancy and delivery to reduce maternal/neonatal mortality and morbidities | Argentina, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Pakistan and Zambia | Observational | Maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidities | Healthcare providers, programme managers, policy-makers | Observational data |
Henry JA, Reingold AL. Prehospital trauma systems reduce mortality in developing countries. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;73:261–8. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31824bde1e | Prehospital trauma systems | LMICs | Systematic review/meta-analysis | Mortality risk of TBI | Healthcare providers, programme managers, policy-makers | Systematic review |
Husum HMD, Gilbert MMDP, Wisborg TMDD, et al. Rural prehospital trauma systems improve trauma outcome in low-income countries: a prospective study from North Iraq and Cambodia. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care 2003;54:1188–96. | Prehospital trauma system | Iraq and Cambodia | Prospective study | Trauma mortality | Healthcare providers, programme managers, policy-makers | Non-randomised |
LMICs, low-income and middle-income countries; RCT, randomised controlled trial; TBI, traumatic brain injury.