Table 1

Characteristics of included ‘urban-rural’ built environment characteristic studies

Study	Country	Study design	Number of participants						Blood lipid	Mean±SD mmol/L per blood lipid
			Urban			Rural				Urban			Rural
			♀♂	♀	♂	♀♂	♀	♂		♀♂	♀	♂	♀♂	♀	♂
Abdul-Rahim, Husseini46	Palestine	CS	492	500					TC	5.23±1.33			5.15±1.11
									HDL	0.90±0.22			1.17±0.45
									LDL	3.75±1.10			3.27±1.32
									TG	1.86±2.66			1.53±1.57
Aguilar-Salinas, Lerman-Garber47	Mexico	CS			167	81	56	40	TC		5.75±1.12	5.6±0.95		5.5±1.1	5.02±0.97
									HDL		1.26±0.33	1.08±0.26		1.26±0.28	1.31±0.36
									LDL		3.93±1.08	3.86±0.93		3.6±1.1	3.2±0.92
									TG		1.68±0.42	1.96±1.38		1.56±0.49	1.65±1.4
Al-Nuaim48	Saudi Arabia	CS			864	875	584	601	TC		4.35±1.5	4.2±1.4		4.4±1.5	4.4±1.6
									HDL		1.2±0.5	1.3±0.6		1.3±0.8	1.4±0.8
									LDL		3.3±1.3	3.1±1.5		3.0±1.5	2.5±1.0
Cai, Zhang49	China	CS							TC		5.14±1.04	5.00±0.98		4.96±0.99	5.09±1.09
									HDL		1.60±0.48	1.37±0.40		1.57±0.41	1.37±0.48
									LDL		3.32±1.00	3.23±0.95		3.14±0.96	3.37±1.11
									TG		1.35±1.09	1.69±1.51		1.32±1.29	1.89±2.37
Campos, Bailey50	Costa Rica	CS			86	99	88	103	TC		4.89±0.85	4.73±0.80		4.63±1.09	4.47±0.88
									HDL		1.19±0.26	1.01±0.23		1.16±0.23	1.09±0.23
									LDL		3.05±0.75	2.87±0.78		2.84±0.88	2.72±0.80
									TG		1.41±0.70	1.82±0.89		1.32±0.64	1.50±0.71
Das, Pal51	India	CS			102	122	89	135	TC		4.97±0.60	5.12±0.76		5.28±0.60	5.14±0.74
									HDL		1.15±0.12	1.18±0.12		1.17±0.13	1.17±0.15
									LDL		3.07±0.59	3.19±0.75		3.42±0.61	3.26±0.76
									TG		1.63±0.26	1.64±0.32		1.51±0.25	1.55±0.32
Delisle, Ntandou-Bouzitou33	Benin	CS			100	100	85	85	HDL		1.37±0.40	1.22±0.20		1.62±0.37	1.29±0.92
Du, Su52	China	CS	2879	918					TC	4.34 (3.04 to 5.15)			4.20 (2.76 to 5.05)
									HDL	1.15 (0.95 to 1.36)			1.03 (0.83 to 1.26)
									LDL	2.77 (2.33 to 3.32)			2.78 (2.26 to 3.32)
									TG	1.85 (1.13 to 3.94)			2.05 (1.27 to 4.13)
Gharbi, Belhani30	Tunisia	CS			201	168	155	146	TC		4.75±1.50	4.51±1.27		4.27±1.13	4.05±1.30
									HDL		1.07±0.39	0.90±0.13		1.05±0.44	0.80±0.15
									TG		1.41±1.12	1.50±1.42		1.06±0.67	1.34±0.91
Glew, Conn53	Nigeria	CS			77	55	79	42	TC		4.40±0.77	4.09±0.75		3.62±0.80	3.62±0.77
									HDL		1.29±0.29	1.16±0.27		1.06±0.30	0.96±0.34
									LDL		2.40±0.70	2.17±0.65		1.94±0.71	1.91±0.65
									TG		1.52±0.74	1.67±1.00		1.22±0.74	1.65±1.02
Gregory, Dai54	Guatemala	CS			155	119	372	241	TC		4.26±0.85	4.35±0.91		4.21±0.79	4.00±0.83
									HDL		1.04±0.26	0.86±0.23		1.00±0.28	0.88±0.24
									LDL		2.42±0.71	2.58±0.82		2.33±0.65	2.24±0.69
									TG		1.82±1.01	2.06±1.15		1.91±0.91	1.93±1.00
Gu, Reynolds55	China	CS			4163	3730	3851	3796	TC		5.08±1.23	5.00±1.22		4.81±1.24	4.72±1.29
									HDL		1.36±0.62	1.21±0.61		1.36±0.62	1.35±0.65
									LDL		3.05±1.23	3.03±1.22		2.82±1.24	2.75±1.29
									TG		1.50±1.23	1.75±1.83		1.42±1.24	1.38±1.29
Gupta, Prakash56	India	CS				199		202	TC			4.55±1.11			4.27±0.96
									HDL			1.11±0.31			1.14±0.31
									LDL			2.78±1.01			2.50±0.85
									TG			1.42±0.62			1.38±0.52
He, Gu57*	China	CS			4163	3730	3851	3796	TC		5.08	4.99		4.8	4.71
									HDL		1.35	1.21		1.36	1.34
									LDL		3.06	3.02		2.81	2.75
									TG		1.50	1.75		1.42	1.38
Htet, Bjertness58	Myanmar	CS			379	376	362	369	TC		5.4±0.95	5.5±0.97		5.4±1.75	5.0±1.73
									HDL		1.1±0.19	1.2±0.19		1.3±0.19	1.3±0.38
									TG		1.6±0.76	1.9±1.36		1.4±1.75	1.5±1.34
Huang, Wu59	China	CS			2361	2552	2341	1631	TC		4.85±1.00	4.73±0.90		4.17±0.92	4.25±0.91
Huang, Wu59									HDL		1.46±0.36	1.33±0.32		1.37±0.32	1.33±0.33
Joshi, Anjana60	India	CS	590	1452					TC	4.32±1.11			3.98±0.98
									HDL	1.01±0.31			1.01±0.31
									LDL	2.51±0.85			2.3±0.83
Kodaman, Aldrich61	Ghana	CS			1293	972	583	469	TC		4.70±1.09	4.41±1.1		3.94±0.95	3.68±0.94
									HDL		1.27±0.38	1.12±0.34		1.20±0.41	1.15±0.38
									LDL		2.95±0.97	2.75±0.88		2.29±0.84	1.98±0.71
									TG		0.94±0.64	0.87±0.53		0.93±0.59	0.93±0.60
Lim, Jang28	South Korea	LT			2497	2523	2784	2240	TC		5.19±0.97	5.33±0.92		5.12±0.93	4.86±0.93
									HDL		1.34±0.31	1.21±0.27		1.30±0.31	1.27±0.33
									LDL		3.21±0.89	3.37±0.93		3.14±0.88	2.86±0.99
									TG		1.47±0.93	1.92±1.27		1.89±1.40	1.63±1.07
Mbalilaki, Hellènius62	Tanzania	CS			225	259	256	245	TC		4.5±1.0	4.5±1.1		3.8±1.1	3.6±1.0
									HDL		1.2±0.3	1.1±0.3		1.0±0.4	0.9±0.3
									LDL		2.7±0.9	2.7±1.0		2.1±0.9	2.0±0.8
									TG		1.4±1.0	1.8±1.2		1.4±0.6	1.5±0.8
Miranda, Gilman32 †	Peru	CS	199	201					TC	5.04±1.03			4.03±0.86
									HDL	1.15±0.28			1.14±0.34
									LDL	3.10±0.88			2.21±0.70
									TG	1.52±1.23			1.28±0.80
Mohan, Gupta63	India	CS			2229		2616		TC		4.90±1.00			4.31±0.79
Mollentze, Moore64	Orange Free State	CS			468	290	574	279	TC		5.09±1.15	4.99±1.19		4.85±1.12	4.72±1.30
	Orange Free State								HDL		1.36±0.45	1.38±0.51		1.20±0.34	1.24±0.49
									LDL		3.16±1.06	2.94±1.16		3.15±1.11	2.80±1.01
									TG		1.21±0.93	1.52±1.29		1.24±0.66	1.48±1.03
Ntandou, Delisle65	Benin	CS			100	100	85	85	TG		0.75±0.3	0.89±0.4		0.72±0.3	0.81±0.4
Obirikorang, Osakunor66	Ghana	CS	312	360					TC	5.00 (4.65 to 5.50)			4.80 (4.55 to 5.20)
									HDL	1.00 (0.80 to 1.20)			1.00 (0.80–1.20)
									LDL	3.40 (3.05 to 3.80)			3.10 (2.70 to 3.60)
									TG	1.20 (0.80 to 1.40)			1.35 (1.10 to 1.70)
Oommen, Abraham67	India	CS			1341	1058	2132	1667	TC		4.7±1.08	4.91±1.05		4.52±1.10	4.53±1.18
									HDL		0.87±0.28	0.79±0.34		1.03±0.30	0.96±0.31
									TG		1.40±0.89	1.73±1.20		1.27±0.81	1.55±1.28
Pandey et al 2013	India	CS			2008		2616		TC		4.67±0.81			4.31±0.93
Patel, Woodward68	Thailand	CS			2002	1130	1210	963	TC		5.71±3.58	5.54±3.70		5.18±2.43	4.80±2.48
									HDL		1.34±0.89	1.19±0.67		1.13±0.67	1.06±0.62
									LDL		3.71±3.13	3.61±3.70		3.28±2.78	2.86±2.48
									TG		1.51±3.13	1.88±2.17		1.73±2.78	2.15±2.02
Pongchaiyakul, Hongsprabhas69	Thailand	CS			290	305	187	134	TC		5.28±1.04	5.35±1.10		4.98±1.38	4.38±1.08
									HDL		1.53±0.34	1.36±0.29		1.31±0.29	1.32±0.30
									LDL		3.16±0.94	3.1±1.00		2.85±1.15	2.24±0.88
									TG		1.26±0.88	1.94±1.24		1.80±1.20	1.79±0.96
Prabhakaran, Roy70 ‡	India	LT	9504						TC		4.98±0.97	4.96±1.14		4.35±1.01	4.93±1.09
Reddy, Ramachandraiah71	India	CS				190		190	TC			4.62±1.17			3.85±0.92
									HDL			1.15±0.31			1.13±0.38
									LDL			2.67±1.04			2.09±0.77
									TG			1.70±0.64			1.43±0.49
Richter, Baumgartner72	South-Africa	CS			591	393	633	333	TC		5.02 (4.18 to 0.09)	4.68 (3.84–5.71)		4.85 (4.11 to 5.95)	4.50 (3.81 to 5.53)
									HDL		1.36 (1.03 to 1.78)	1.50 (1.12 to 2.04)		1.39 (1.09 to 1.84)	1.45 (1.02 to 1.94)
									LDL		3.35 (2.55 to 4.12)	2.86 (2.17 to 3.73)		3.15 (2.50 to 4.09)	2.85 (2.9 to 3.62)
									TG		1.18 (0.87 to 1.78)	1.00 (0.78 to 1.46)		1.09 (0.81 to 1.49)	0.97 (0.76 to 1.35)
Russell-Jones, Hoskins73	Fijian Mela-nesian	CS			71	35	109	87	TC		5.2±1.3	5.6±1.6		4.0±1.0	3.81±1.0
Sarrafzadegan, Talaei74	Iran	CS	4572	1751					TC		5.64±1.35	5.33±1.34		5.74±1.38	5.46±1.29
									HDL		1.24±0.27	1.16±0.26		1.27±0.27	1.19±0.25
									LDL		3.41±1.10	3.13±1.11		3.52±1.14	3.34±1.07
									TG		2.15±1.14	2.25±1.23		2.05±1.09	2.04±1.16
Seck, Dia75	Senegal	CS	557	469					TC	6.75±0.52			5.38±0.26
Silambuselvi and Murugu Valavan76	India	CS							TC		5.44			5.11
									HDL		1.16			1.39
									LDL		3.56			3.42
									TG		1.84			1.80
Singh, Rastogi77	India	CS			139	172	115	140	HDL		1.27±0.24	1.25±0.20		1.22±0.15	1.18±0.12
Snehalatha and Ramachandran78	India	CS	1521	2145					TC	4.47±0.94			3.93±0.93
									HDL	1.17±0.26			1.09±0.24
									TG	1.39±0.85			1.33±0.89
Song, Li29‡	China	CS	19 841	20 029					TC		4.05±6.24	4.66±4.23		3.79±5.21	4.54±5.66
Tatsukawa, Sawayama79	Japan	CS			703	375	1688	676	TC		5.37±0.92	5.03±0.77		5.52±1.00	5.33±0.90
									HDL		1.52±0.35	1.43±0.34		1.67±0.37	1.46±0.37
									LDL		3.22±0.84	2.92±0.72		3.37±0.89	3.22±0.81
									TG		1.38±0.75	1.49±0.82		1.07±0.61	1.41±0.79
Tazi, Abir-Khalil80	Morocco	CS	755	1047					TC	4.89±1.16			4.42±1.06
Vrdoljak, Marković81	Croatia	CS	1824	642					TC	5.90			5.72
									HDL	1.57			1.60
									LDL	3.53			3.52
									TG	1.80			1.94
Wang, Wei31	China	CS			547	763	862	676	TC		4.32±0.90	4.64±0.98		4.10±0.89	4.03±0.94
											1.20±0.30	1.05±0.28		1.18±0.31	1.09±0.32
											2.52±0.75	2.58±0.95		2.43±0.70	2.38±0.78
											1.31±1.00	2.28±2.35		1.07±0.73	1.24±1.27
Weng, Liu82 §	China	CS			80	81	191	177	TC		4.45±0.72	4.22±0.72		3.39±1.11	3.39±1.73
									HDL		1.42±0.54	1.09±0.18		1.20±0.41	1.22±0.40
									LDL		2.73±0.89	2.73±0.72		1.99±0.83	1.98±1.60
									TG		1.04±0.80	1.52±0.99		0.78±0.41	0.65±0.67
Woo, Chook83	China	CS	116	116					TC	5.16±0.96			5.14±1.02
									HDL	1.49±0.36			1.33±0.40
									LDL	3.16±0.87			3.21±0.94
									TG	1.08±0.67			1.30±1.04
Wyatt, Griew84	Papua New Guinea	CS			23	86	49	22	TC		3.96±0.88	3.64±0.86		3.78±1.09	3.57±1.29
Wyatt, Griew84									TG		0.61±0.25	0.63±0.19		0.60±0.38	0.60±0.18
Xu, Ming85	China	CS	1467	890					HDL	1.30±0.30			1.32±0.31
Xu, Ming85									TG	1.58±1.18			1.49±1.03

*Only SEM reported but no information on number of participants per group.
†Migration study. Only data on urban and rural levels are provided in this table. Aguilar-Salinas, Lerman-Garber.47
‡Longitudinal study. Total number of participants of first and second wave reported. Urban levels of first wave are provided in the urban male cell. Urban levels of second wave are depicted in the urban female cell. Accordingly, the rural levels of the first and second wave are provided in the cells for rural males and females, respectively.
§Migration study. Rural represents data of ‘Yi farmers’. Urban represents ‘Yi migrants’.
♀, females; ♂, males; ♀♂, males and females combined; CS, cross-sectional; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein;NR, not reported; TC, total cholesterol;TG, triglycerides.