Table 1

Factors associated with decline of U5MR in Kenya, K-DHS 1993, 2003 and 2014

Indicators	Proportions			Change in proportions		Model (2014)		U5MR by change in proportions
Indicators	1993	2003	2014	2014–2003	2014–1993	Coef.	P values	2014–2003	2014–1993
Intermediate level factors
Maternal education (ref: secondary and above)
No formal education	0.1917	0.1537	0.1179	−0.0358	−0.0738	0.339	0.028	−0.0121	−0.0250
Incomplete primary	0.3948	0.3642	0.2853	−0.0789	−0.1095	0.344	0.006	−0.0271	−0.0376
Primary	0.3904	0.3605	0.3796	0.0191	−0.0108	0.124	0.291
Wealth index (ref: richest)
Poorest	0.2289	0.2474	0.238	−0.0094	0.0091	0.208	0.191
Poorer	0.2134	0.2082	0.2038	−0.0044	−0.0096	0.277	0.073	−0.0012	−0.0027
Middle	0.1962	0.1899	0.1802	−0.0097	−0.0160	0.358	0.018	−0.0035	−0.0057
Richer	0.1939	0.1692	0.1765	0.0073	−0.0174	0.225	0.121	0.0016	−0.0039
Type of place of residence (ref: urban)
Rural	0.8728	0.8127	0.641	−0.1717	−0.2318	−0.143	0.113	0.0246	0.0332
Region (ref: Nairobi)
Central	0.1147	0.1069	0.0918	−0.0151	−0.0229	−0.427	0.07	0.0065	0.0098
Coast	0.0893	0.0836	0.1034	0.0198	0.0141	−0.545	0.014	−0.0108	−0.0077
Eastern	0.2017	0.1551	0.1187	−0.0364	−0.0830	−0.759	0.001	0.0276	0.0630
Nyanza	0.1669	0.1639	0.1426	−0.0213	−0.0243	−0.274	0.209	0.0059	0.0067
Rift Valley	0.2167	0.2685	0.2902	0.0217	0.0735	−0.823	0	−0.0179	−0.0605
Western	0.1651	0.1271	0.1153	−0.0118	−0.0498	−0.561	0.016	0.0066	0.0280
North Eastern	–	0.0296	0.0332	0.0036		−0.881	0.001	−0.0032	0.0000
Sum								−0.0029	−0.0024
exp(sum)=rel. risk								0.9971	0.9976
Proximal level factors
Improved sanitation facility (ref: yes)
No	0.1219	0.1397	0.2092	0.0695	0.0873	0.423	0.109	0.0294	0.0369
Fertility (ref: 1–2 children)
3–4	0.281	0.3259	0.3156	−0.0103	0.0346	0.842	0	−0.0087	0.0291
≥5	0.4196	0.3279	0.2638	−0.0641	−0.1558	0.398	0.092	−0.0255	−0.0620
Contraceptive use (ref: yes)
No	0.7092	0.6775	0.7397	0.0622	0.0305	−0.621	0.001	−0.0386	−0.0189
ANC visits (ref: 4+ visits)
No ANC	0.0514	0.122	0.0529	−0.0691	0.0015	0.963	0.002	−0.0666	0.0014
<4 visits	0.3972	0.4532	0.5088	0.0556	0.1116	0.0410	0.838
Early initiation of breast feeding (ref: <1 hour)
>1 hour	0.384	0.417	0.273	−0.1440	−0.1110	1.094	0	−0.1576	−0.1215
Size at birth (ref: average)
Small/very small	0.1576	0.1637	0.1516	−0.0121	−0.0060	0.410	0.069	−0.0050	−0.0025
Large/very large	0.3195	0.2542	0.2593	0.0051	−0.0602	0.146	0.498
Sum								−0.2725	−0.1374
exp(sum)=rel. risk								0.7614	0.8716
ALL (level 2+level 1)
Overall
Sum								−0.2755	−0.1398
exp(sum)=rel. risk								0.7592	0.8695

ANC, antenatal care; coef., beta coefficient; exp, exponentiated; K-DHS, Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys; rel. risk, relative risk; U5MR, under five mortality rate.