Characteristic | n =10 289 | Current smokers n=455 (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value* | Ever shisha users n=834 (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value* |
Age group (years) | 0.031 | ||||||
12–14 | 2256 | 89 (3.9) | 1 | 0.0003 | 149 (6.6) | 1 | |
15–17 | 5284 | 213 (4.0) | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.31) | 440 (8.3) | 1.25 (1.02 to 1.53) | ||
18–20 | 2746 | 153 (5.5) | 1.43 (1.09 to 1.87) | 245 (8.9) | 1.21 (0.96 to 1.520 | ||
Gender | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Boys | 4567 | 364 (7.9) | 1 | 523 (11.4) | 1 | ||
Girls | 5722 | 91 (1.5) | 0.24 (0.19 to 0.31) | 311 (5.4) | 0.52 (0.44 to 0.61) | ||
School locality | 0.182 | 0.331 | |||||
Rural | 2453 | 118 (4.8) | 1 | 138 (5.6) | 1 | ||
Urban | 7833 | 337 (4.3) | 0.84 (0.66 to 1.08) | 696 (8.8) | 1.11 (0.89 to 1.37) | ||
School type | 0.257 | 0.100 | |||||
SSS | 5785 | 205 (3.5) | 1 | 417 (7.2) | 1 | ||
UBS | 4504 | 250 (5.5) | 1.14 (0.90 to 1.46) | 417 (9.2) | 0.85 (0.71 to 1.02) | ||
School funding | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Public | 7678 | 320 (4.1) | 1 | 449 (5.8) | 1 | ||
Grand–aided | 1052 | 37 (3.5) | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.32) | 60 (5.7) | 0.94 (0.70 to 1.26) | ||
Private | 1559 | 98 (6.2) | 1.69 (1.29 to 2.22) | 325 (20.8) | 4.39 (3.66 to 5.25) | ||
Religion | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Muslim | 9564 | 398 (4.1) | 1 | 742 (7.7) | 1 | ||
Christian | 602 | 41 (6.8) | 1.56 (1.09 to 2.24) | 66 (10.9) | 1.12 (0.84 to 1.49) | ||
Other | 103 | 15 (14.5) | 3.17 (1.73 to 5.82) | 20 (19.4) | 2.86 (1.68 to 4.87) | ||
Living with parents | 0.014 | 0.002 | |||||
No | 2029 | 76 (3.7) | 1 | 127 (6.2) | 1 | ||
Yes | 8250 | 377 (4.5) | 1.39 (1.06 to 1.81) | 706 (8.5) | 1.38 (1.12 to 1.69) | ||
Home smoking | <0.001 | 0.016 | |||||
No | 7295 | 249 (3.4) | 1 | 551 (7.0) | 1 | ||
Sometimes | 1085 | 75 (6.9) | 1.82 (1.36 to 2.43) | 110 (10.1) | 1.34 (1.06 to 1.69) | ||
Yes | 1906 | 131 (6.8) | 1.67 (1.30 to 2.13) | 173 (9.0) | 1.23 (1.00 to 1.50) | ||
Family smoking | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
None | 7364 | 236 (3.2) | 1 | 513 (6.9) | 1 | ||
Mother | 274 | 30 (10.9) | 2.58 (1.64 to 4.09) | 38 (13.8) | 2.14 (1.45 to 3.16) | ||
Father | 1199 | 89 (7.4) | 1.52 (1.15 to 2.01) | 124 (10.3) | 1.34 (1.04 to 1.65) | ||
Sibling | 718 | 66 (9.1) | 1.68 (1.23 to 2.29) | 87 (12.1) | 1.42 (1.09 to 1.85) | ||
Others | 729 | 34 (4.6) | 0.97 (0.65 to 1.43) | 72 (9.8) | 1.16 (0.87 to 1.53) | ||
Friends who smoke | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
None | 6790 | 147 (2.1) | 1 | 368 (5.4) | 1 | ||
One | 673 | 52 (7.7) | 2.48 (1.75 to 3.50) | 72 (10.6) | 1.77 (1.33 to 2.36) | ||
Two | 356 | 46 (12.9) | 4.10 (2.82 to 5.96) | 52 (14.6) | 2.47 (1.77 to 3.44) | ||
Three or more | 762 | 144 (18.8) | 5.92 (4.54 to 7.72) | 177 (23.2) | 3.55 (2.84 to 4.43) | ||
Not sure | 1699 | 66 (3.8) | 1.58 (1.16 to 2.14) | 164 (9.6) | 1.54 (1.26 to 1.88) |
*Wald’s P value adjusted for age, gender and rural or urban schools.
Bold typeface indicates significance.
SSS, Senior Secondary Schools; UBS, Upper Basic Schools.