Variables | Threshold between | |||||||||||
No injury and mild injury | Mild and moderate injury | Moderate and severe injury | Severe and fatal injury | |||||||||
β | 95% CI | p Value | β | 95% CI | p Value | β | 95% CI | p Value | β | 95% CI | p Value | |
Driver’s gender | ||||||||||||
Male (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
Female | 0.609 | (0.506, 0.712) | 0.000 | −0.057 | (−0.128, 0.014) | 0.115 | −0.431 | (−0.546, −0.316) | 0.000 | −0.458 | (−0.606, −0.312) | 0.000 |
Driver’s age | ||||||||||||
<20 | 0.459 | (0.308, 0.611) | 0.000 | 0.192 | (0.075, 0.309) | 0.001 | 0.124 | (−0.021, 0.268) | 0.093 | −0.027 | (−0.198, 0.144) | 0.755 |
20–24 | 0.197 | (0.091, 0.304) | 0.000 | 0.042 | (−0.048, 0.132) | 0.362 | −0.076 | (−0.188, 0.036) | 0.185 | −0.111 | (−0.240, 0.017) | 0.089 |
25–29 | 0.055 | (−0.049, 0.158) | 0.302 | 0.030 | (−0.059, 0.119) | 0.508 | −0.203 | (−0.314,−0.091) | 0.000 | −0.406 | (−0.537, −0.276) | 0.000 |
30–34 | 0.021 | (−0.089, 0.131) | 0.706 | 0.017 | (−0.077, 0.111) | 0.727 | −0.236 | (−0.356, −0.116) | 0.000 | −0.407 | (−0.549, −0.266) | 0.000 |
35–39 | 0.062 | (−0.060, 0.183) | 0.319 | 0.060 | (−0.043, 0.163) | 0.255 | −0.152 | (−0.282, −0.023) | 0.021 | −0.238 | (−0.389, −0.087) | 0.002 |
40–44 | −0.009 | (−0.142, 0.124) | 0.892 | 0.035 | (−0.079, 0.148) | 0.549 | −0.113 | (−0.258, 0.032) | 0.127 | −0.162 | (−0.331, 0.007) | 0.060 |
45–49 | 0.013 | (−0.104, 0.129) | 0.830 | 0.013 | (−0.104, 0.129) | 0.830 | 0.013 | (−0.104, 0.129) | 0.830 | 0.013 | (−0.104, 0.129) | 0.830 |
50+ (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
Cause of crash | ||||||||||||
Over speeding (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
Negligence | −0.068 | (−0.152, 0. 016) | 0.112 | −0.147 | (−0.211, −0.083) | 0.000 | −0.432 | (−0.522, −0.342) | 0.000 | −0.551 | (−0.664, −0.437) | 0.000 |
Fatigue, wrong manoeuvre | −0.085 | (−0.166, −0.005) | 0.038 | −0.163 | (−0.224, −0.103) | 0.000 | −0.568 | (−0.655, −0.482) | 0.000 | −0.759 | (−0.871, −0.648) | 0.000 |
Alcohol | −1.597 | (−1.756, −1.438) | 0.000 | −1.088 | (−1.266, −0.910) | 0.000 | −1.095 | (−1.385, −0.805) | 0.000 | −1.114 | (−1.482, −0.746) | 0.000 |
Non-human factor | −0.095 | (−0.218, 0. 028) | 0.131 | −0.297 | (−0.402, −0.193) | 0.000 | −0.288 | (−0.420, −0.156) | 0.000 | −0.138 | (−0.286, 0.009 | 0.066 |
Type of road | ||||||||||||
One-way (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
Two-way | 0.058 | (−0.005, 0.121) | 0.069 | −0.022 | (−0.073, 0.029) | 0.393 | −0.170 | (−0.237, −0.102) | 0.000 | −0.230 | (−0.312, −0.149) | 0.000 |
Driver’s nationality | ||||||||||||
Oman (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
India | −0.280 | (−0.385, −0.176) | 0.000 | −0.209 | (−0.302, –0.116) | 0.000 | −0.088 | (−0.214, 0.037) | 0.168 | −0.078 | (−0.230, 0.074) | 0.313 |
Bangladesh | 0.314 | (0.184, 0.444) | 0.000 | 0.314 | (0.184, 0.444) | 0.000 | 0.314 | (0.184, 0.444) | 0.000 | 0.314 | (0.184, 0.444) | 0.000 |
Pakistan | −0.309 | (−0.434, −0.184) | 0.000 | −0.154 | (−0.260, –0.047) | 0.005 | 0.083 | (−0.051, 0.216) | 0.224 | 0.190 | (0.031, 0.348) | 0.019 |
Arab | −0.096 | [−0.253, 0.061] | 0.229 | −0.005 | [−0.137, 0.126] | 0.937 | 0.205 | (0.044, 0.366) | 0.013 | 0.313 | (0.132, 0.494) | 0.001 |
Other | −0.221 | (−0.377, −0.065) | 0.006 | −0.221 | (−0.377, –0.065) | 0.006 | −0.221 | (−0.377 , −0.065) | 0.006 | −0.221 | (−0.377, −0.065) | 0.006 |
Governorate | ||||||||||||
Muscat (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
Musandam | −0.148 | [−0.347, 0. 051) | 0.146 | 0.024 | (−0.156, 0.204) | 0.795 | 0.366 | (0.104, 0.628) | 0.006 | −0.220 | (−0.655, 0.215) | 0.321 |
Dhofar | 2.141 | (2.011, 2.272) | 0.000 | 2.141 | (2.011, 2.272) | 0.000 | 2.141 | (2.011, 2.272) | 0.000 | 2.141 | (2.011, 2.272) | 0.000 |
Dakhliya | 0.413 | (0.327, 0.499) | 0.000 | 0.295 | (0.227, 0.364) | 0.000 | 0.750 | (0.653, 0.847) | 0.000 | 0.819 | (0.700, 0.938) | 0.000 |
Sharqia | 0.249 | (0.167, 0.332) | 0.000 | 0.210 | (0.142, 0.278) | 0.000 | 0.455 | (0.355, 0.556) | 0.000 | 0.489 | (0.364, 0.614) | 0.000 |
Batina | 0.645 | (0.554, 0.737) | 0.000 | 0.944 | (0.877, 1.011) | 0.000 | 1.431 | (1.346, 1.517) | 0.000 | 1.514 | (1.412, 1.616) | 0.000 |
Dhahira | 0.201 | (0.106, 0.296) | 0.000 | 0.230 | (0.153, 0.308) | 0.000 | 0.780 | (0.674, 0.886) | 0.000 | 0.838 | (0.709, 0.967) | 0.000 |
Wusta | 1.889 | (1.505, 2.272) | 0.000 | 1.787 | (1.567, 2.008) | 0.000 | 2.349 | (2.152, 2.545) | 0.000 | 2.593 | (2.388, 2.798) | 0.000 |
Constant | 0.232 | (0.108, 0.356) | 0.000 | −0.785 | (−0.895, –0.675) | 0.000 | −2.148 | (−2.289, −2.007) | 0.000 | −2.661 | (−2.826, −2.496) | 0.000 |
No. of vehicles involved | ||||||||||||
Single (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
Multiple | 0.899 | (0.833, 0.966) | 0.000 | −0.028 | (−0.077, 0.022) | 0.272 | −0.053 | (−0.119, 0.012) | 0.112 | −0.027 | (−0.106, 0.053) | 0.510 |
Type of vehicle | ||||||||||||
Saloon (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
Four-wheel | 0.014 | (−0.071, 0.100) | 0.742 | 0.178 | (0.109, 0.246) | 0.000 | 0.290 | (0.203, 0.378) | 0.000 | 0.350 | (0.248, 0.452) | 0.000 |
Pickup | 0.025 | (−0.066, 0.117) | 0.590 | 0.186 | (0.113, 0.259) | 0.000 | 0.110 | (0.015, 0.205) | 0.023 | 0.094 | (−0.020, 0.209) | 0.107 |
Bus | 0.400 | (0.276, 0.525) | 0.000 | 0.400 | (0.276, 0.525) | 0.000 | 0.400 | (0.276, 0.525) | 0.000 | 0.400 | (0.276, 0.525) | 0.000 |
Heavy vehicle | 0.114 | (0.021, 0.207) | 0.016 | 0.392 | (0.318, 0.465) | 0.000 | 0.319 | (0.225, 0.412) | 0.000 | 0.265 | (0.151, 0.379) | 0.000 |
Day of the crash | ||||||||||||
Weekday (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
Weekend | 0.108 | (0.048, 0.168) | 0.000 | 0.053 | (0.005, 0.100) | 0.030 | 0.087 | (0.024, 0.149) | 0.006 | 0.153 | (0.079, 0.227) | 0.000 |
Month of crash | ||||||||||||
January–March | 0.048 | (−0.004, 0.100) | 0.072 | 0.048 | (−0.004, 0.100) | 0.072 | 0.048 | (−0.004, 0.100) | 0.072 | 0.048 | (−0.004, 0.100) | 0.072 |
April–June (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
July–September | 0.121 | (0.068, 0.174) | 0.000 | 0.121 | (0.068, 0.174) | 0.000 | 0.121 | (0.068, 0.174) | 0.000 | 0.121 | (0.068, 0.174) | 0.000 |
October–December | 0.147 | (0.092, 0.203) | 0.000 | 0.147 | (0.092, 0.203) | 0.000 | 0.147 | (0.092, 0.203) | 0.000 | 0.147 | (0.092, 0.203) | 0.000 |
Year of crash | ||||||||||||
2010 (ref) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
2011 | 0.486 | (0.406, 0.566) | 0.000 | 0.208 | (0.141, 0.275) | 0.000 | 0.214 | (0.126, 0.303) | 0.000 | 0.185 | (0.076, 0.295) | 0.001 |
2012 | 0.411 | (0.332, 0.491) | 0.000 | 0.034 | (−0.032, 0.101) | 0.309 | 0.067 | (−0.023, 0.156) | 0.143 | 0.144 | (0.036, 0.252) | 0.009 |
2013 | 0.417 | (0.337, 0.498) | 0.000 | 0.059 | (−0.008, 0.126) | 0.086 | 0.170 | (−0.074, 0.108) | 0.717 | 0.058 | (−0.053, 0.170) | 0.303 |
2014 | 0.900 | (0.799, 1.001) | 0.000 | 0.348 | (0.274, 0. 423) | 0.000 | 0.226 | (0.127, 0.324) | 0.000 | 0.209 | (0.089, 0.330) | 0.001 |
Number of observations: 35 785; Log-likelihood: -−48 569.
RTIs, road traffic injuries.