Birth year | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | |||||||||
Characteristics | Status | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
GDP per capita (PPP) | Control | 4968.0 | 4609.3 | 4903.2 | 4632.0 | 4847.1 | 4268.0 | 4135.7 | 3700.0 | 4117.9 | 3513.7 | 3677.8 | 2860.2 | 3531.5 | 2879.2 | 3802.3 | 2950.4 |
Treated* | 964.5 | 63.8 | 1501.5 | 605.5 | 1537.7 | 569.3 | 1552.3 | 478.0 | 1642.6 | 464.6 | 1921.4 | 472.3 | 1718.7 | 438.8 | 1753.2 | 394.7 | |
% Urban | Control | 41.1 | 24.2 | 40.7 | 24.3 | 43.3 | 24.0 | 41.9 | 22.6 | 43.2 | 22.2 | 42.0 | 20.7 | 41.8 | 19.8 | 44.4 | 20.0 |
Treated | 11.8 | 1.3 | 22.2 | 12.0 | 23.2 | 11.9 | 22.6 | 9.8 | 23.2 | 8.8 | 27.0 | 8.0 | 23.9 | 8.4 | 25.1 | 8.3 | |
Health expenditure per capita (PPP) | Control | 168.0 | 150.5 | 177.7 | 163.7 | 208.3 | 181.7 | 178.2 | 159.4 | 175.0 | 155.6 | 172.0 | 158.9 | 166.4 | 159.4 | 184.2 | 163.4 |
Treated | 41.8 | 2.8 | 66.9 | 29.2 | 72.5 | 27.0 | 68.8 | 39.2 | 71.1 | 36.4 | 78.7 | 37.9 | 67.9 | 29.9 | 75.5 | 40.2 | |
Health expenditure as a % GDP | Control | 5.1 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 1.5 | 5.5 | 1.5 | 5.4 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 5.4 | 1.3 | 5.4 | 1.4 | 5.5 | 1.4 |
Treated | 6.9 | 0.1 | 6.2 | 0.6 | 6.1 | 0.4 | 5.6 | 1.8 | 5.7 | 1.9 | 5.5 | 2.0 | 5.7 | 2.4 | 5.5 | 2.3 | |
% Female aged 15–64 participating in the labour force | Control | 58.5 | 20.1 | 59.2 | 21.0 | 57.1 | 21.4 | 62.2 | 20.3 | 63.2 | 19.8 | 61.5 | 20.0 | 60.5 | 19.4 | 59.1 | 20.0 |
Treated | 82.9 | 0.4 | 79.4 | 3.9 | 79.1 | 3.8 | 73.1 | 10.1 | 71.1 | 9.9 | 69.6 | 8.7 | 70.2 | 10.3 | 69.6 | 10.3 |
*Countries that changed their maternity leave policy (Zambia, Bangladesh, Lesotho, Zimbabwe and Uganda).
GDP, gross domestic product; PPP, purchasing power parity.