Mean age, months (±SD, median) | 42.6 (±13.9, 36) | 40.1 (±12.0, 36) | 45.8 (±14.2, 48) | 41.3 (±14.4, 36) | 43.33 (±14.5, 36) | 0.01 |
Male gender (vs female), n (%) | 210 (47.7) | 48 (43.6) | 61 (55.5) | 50 (45.5) | 51 (46.4) | 0.30 |
Mean weight, kg (±SD, median) | 12.0 (±2.8, 12) | 11.3 (±2.6, 11) | 12.4 (±3.0, 12) | 12.2 (±2.6, 12) | 11.9 (±2.9, 11) | 0.02 |
Mean height, cm (±SD, median) | 91.1 (±10.1, 91) | 88.9 (±9.3, 88) | 92.6 (±10.4, 93.5) | 91.3 (±10.7, 89.5) | 91.6 (±9.7, 91) | 0.41 |
Mean arm circumference, cm (±SD, median) | 14.4 (±3.6, 14.2) | 14.3 (±1.0, 14.3) | 14.3 (±6.6, 13.7) | 14.4 (±1.1, 14.5) | 14.7 (±2.4, 14.6) | <0.001 |
Wasting (vs no wasting), n (%) | 5 (1.1) | 0 | 5 (4.5) | 0 | 0 | – |
Fever (vs no fever), n (%) | 53 (12.2) | 10 (9.1) | 13† (11.9) | 14 (12.7) | 16 (15.1) | 0.60 |
Halitosis (vs no halitosis), n (%) | 1 (0.23) | 1 (0.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
Gingival pain (vs no pain), n (%) | 1 (0.23) | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
Mean height-for-age z-score (±SD, median) | −2.0 (±1.7,–2.0) | −2.2 (±1.4, –2.0) | 2.2 (±1.6, –2.2) | 1.6 (±2.1, –1.7) | 2.0 (±1.3, –1.9) | 0.045 |
Categories of height-for-age z-score, n (%) | | | | | | 0.85 |
No stunting | 202 (50.3) | 51 (47.2) | 46 (47.4) | 54 (54.0) | 51 (52.6) | |
Moderate stunting | 95 (23.6) | 29 (26.9) | 21 (21.7) | 23 (23.0) | 22 (22.7) | |
Severe stunting | 105 (26.1) | 28 (25.9) | 30 (30.9) | 23 (23.0) | 24 (24.7) | |
Mean weight-for-age z-score (±SD, median) | −2.0 (±1.3, –2.0) | −2.2 (±1.3, –1.9) | −2.2 (±1.3, –2.4) | −1.6 (±1.2, –1.6) | −2.1 (±1.3, –2.2) | 0.01 |
Mean weight-for-height z-score (±SD, median) | −1.3 (±1.7, –1.2) | −1.4(±1.8, –1.2) | −1.3 (±1.4, –1.4) | −0.98 (±1.6, –1.2) | −1.4 (±1.9, –1.4) | 0.243 |
Categories of weight-for-height z-score, n (%) | | | | | | 0.069 |
No wasting | 281 (69.9) | 75 (69.4) | 69 (71.1) | 74 (74.0) | 63 (65.0) | |
Moderate wasting | 64 (15.9) | 14 (13.0) | 16 (16.5) | 20 (20.0) | 14 (14.4) | |
Severe wasting | 57 (14.2) | 19 (17.6) | 12 (12.4) | 6 (6.0) | 20 (20.6) | |
Mean body mass index z-score (±SD, median) | −1.1 (±1.8, –1.0) | −1.2 (±1.9, –1.0) | −1.0 (±1.5, –1.1) | −0.8 (±1.8, –0.9) | −1.2 (±1.9, –1.1) | 0.407 |
Mean number of persons at home (±SD, median) | 9.0 (±6.6, 7) | 10.0 (±6.5, 9) | 11.0 (±9.9, 8) | 6.5 (±3.3, 6) | 8.3 (±3.3, 8) | <0.001 |
Mean number of children at home (±SD, median) | 5.6 (±3.8, 5) | 6.6(±4.3, 6) | 6.1 (±4.7, 5) | 4.2 (2.8, 4) | 5.5 (2.4, 5) | <0.001 |
Mean number of past pregnancies of the mother (±SD, median) | 5.6 (±2.9, 5) | 6.1 (±3.2, 6) | 6.3 (±2.7, 6) | 4.4 (±2.4, 4) | 5.7 (±2.7, 5) | <0.001 |
Mean number of living children per mother (±SD, median) | 4.7±2.2, 4) | 4.9(±2.6, 4) | 5.2 (±2.0, 5) | 4.0 (±2.1, 4) | 4.6 (±2.1, 4) | <0.001 |
Sibling chronological order, n (%) | | | | | | <0.001 |
First position | 57 (13.0) | 14 (12.7) | 8 (7.3) | 20 (18.4) | 15 (13.6) | |
Second position | 49 (11.2) | 11 (10.0) | 5 (4.6) | 18 (16.5) | 15 (13.6) | |
Third position | 73 (16.6) | 21 (19.1) | 19 (17.3) | 25 (22.9) | 8 (7.3) | |
Fourth to fifth position | 111 (25.3) | 18 (16.4) | 34 (30.9) | 23 (21.1) | 36 (32.7) | |
Greater than fifth position | 149 (33.9) | 46 (41.8) | 44 (40.0) | 23 (21.1) | 36 (32.7) | |
Mean duration since last pregnancy, years (±SD, median) | 2.2 (±1.0, 2) | 2.2 (±0.9, 2) | 2.2 (±0.8, 2) | 2.2 (±1.4, 2) | 2.2 (±1.1, 2) | 0.99 |
Mean mother age, years (±SD, median) | 29.5 (±7.7, 30) | 29.7 (±8.0, 28) | 30.1(±7.0, 30) | 27.8 (±8.0, 25) | 30.5 (±7.4, 30) | 0.04 |
Mean breast feeding duration, months (±SD, median) | 4.0(±2.6, 6) | 2.1 (±2.5, 1) | 4.9 (±2.2, 6) | 3.3 (±2.8, 4) | 5.6 (±1.3, 6) | <0.001 |