Table 2

Existing and potential opportunities to reduce risk of non-communicable diseases by life-cycle period

	1000 days*	2–5 years	6–10 years	10–19 years
Opportunities for action
Improved health literacy and good nutrition before conception	X
Good nutrition in pregnancy: prevention of poor or excessive weight gain and/or anaemia	X
Healthy pregnancy: adequate number and quality of antenatal care checks	X
Zero alcohol/illicit drugs during pregnancy and breast feeding	X			X
Antiretroviral treatment to reduce HIV-related NCDs	X
Vaccination against hepatitis B to prevent cirrhosis and liver cancer	X
Protective environment to reduce the behaviour impact of ‘toxic stress’	X	X	X	X
Breast feeding and adequate complementary feeding of children 6–23 months and up to 5 years	X	X
Adequate physical activity in early life	X	X	X	X
Non-exposure to/consumption of tobacco	X	X	X	X
Good quality health services that reach children and their families	X	X	X	X
Promotion of a healthy diet	X	X	X	X
Treatment of streptococcal infection	X	X	X	X
Prevention of exposure to air pollution	X	X	X	X
Responsive rearing practices, positive stimulation, good parenting (regarding diet and physical activity)		X	X
Provision and promotion of healthy eating habits and physical activity in community-based programmes, child care and development services, preschools, and schools (including through policy, legislative and other regulatory approaches)		X	X	X
Life skills, including social and emotional learning at school; promotion of resilience at school, in families and communities			X	X
Vaccination against the human papilloma virus to prevent genital warts and cervical cancer				X