Association between maternal anaemia and maternal and infant outcomes
| Outcome present, n (%) | Outcome absent, n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% Robust CI) | Adjusted OR (95% Robust CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postpartum haemorrhage (n=1006) | ||||
| Anaemia | ||||
| Normal/mild (≥10 g/dL) | 15 (2.3) | 641 (97.7) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Moderate (7–9.9 g/dL) | 13 (3.9) | 316 (96.1) | 1.76 (0.79 to 3.90) | 1.50 (0.80 to 2.80) |
| Severe (<7 g/dL) | 5 (23.8) | 16 (76.2) | 13.35 (4.88 to 36.54) | 9.45 (2.62 to 34.05) |
| Anaemia and/or induction of labour | ||||
| None | 12 (2.1) | 555 (97.9) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Either | 14 (3.9) | 350 (96.1) | 1.85 (0.91 to 3.75) | 1.76 (0.96 to 3.22) |
| Both | 5 (20.0) | 20 (80.0) | 11.56 (2.38 to 56.13) | 17.39 (3.73 to 80.97) |
| Missing | 2 (4.0) | 48 (96.0) | 1.93 (0.95 to 3.89) | 2.14 (1.15 to 3.99) |
| Anaemia and/or infection | ||||
| None | 14 (2.3) | 588 (97.7) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Either | 12 (3.9) | 296 (96.1) | 1.70 (1.06 to 2.75) | 1.39 (0.89 to 2.15) |
| Both | 4 (25.0) | 12 (75.0) | 14.00 (1.66 to 118.07) | 18.80 (3.57 to 98.93) |
| Missing | 3 (3.8) | 77 (96.2) | 1.64 (0.31 to 8.56) | 2.64 (0.21 to 33.45) |
| Low birth weight (singleton liveborn only, n=966) | ||||
| Anaemia | ||||
| Normal/mild (≥10 g/dL) | 160 (25.2) | 474 (74.8) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Moderate (7–9.9 g/dL) | 91 (29.2) | 221 (70.8) | 1.22 (0.94 to 1.58) | 1.26 (1.04 to 1.53) |
| Severe (<7 g/dL) | 12 (60.0) | 8 (40.0) | 4.44 (1.75 to 11.28) | 6.19 (1.44 to 26.71) |
| Anaemia and/or infection | ||||
| None | 142 (24.4) | 440 (75.6) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Either | 86 (29.3) | 208 (70.7) | 1.28 (0.99 to 1.65) | 1.27 (0.99 to 1.65) |
| Both | 3 (21.4) | 11 (78.6) | 0.85 (0.37 to 1.95) | 1.21 (0.40 to 3.59) |
| Missing | 32 (42.1) | 44 (57.9) | 2.25 (1.18 to 4.29) | 1.32 (0.70 to 2.49) |
| Small-for-gestational age (singleton liveborn, n=881) | ||||
| Anaemia | ||||
| Normal/mild (≥10 g/dL) | 251 (43.7) | 323 (56.3) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Moderate (7–9.9 g/dL) | 143 (49.5) | 146 (50.5) | 1.26 (0.82 to 1.94) | 1.25 (0.91 to 1.73) |
| Severe (<7 g/dL) | 15 (83.3) | 3 (16.7) | 6.43 (0.87 to 47.39) | 8.72 (1.66 to 45.67) |
| Anaemia and/or infection | ||||
| None | 228 (43.1) | 301 (56.9) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Either | 134 (49.8) | 135 (50.2) | 1.31 (0.83 to 2.07) | 1.20 (0.80 to 1.80) |
| Both | 6 (42.9) | 8 (57.1) | 0.99 (0.50 to 1.98) | 1.40 (0.67 to 2.93) |
| Missing | 41 (59.4) | 28 (40.6) | 1.93 (1.26 to 2.97) | 1.35 (0.87 to 2.11) |
| Perinatal deaths (singleton pregnancies, n=987) | ||||
| Anaemia | ||||
| Normal/mild (≥10 g/dL) | 18 (2.8) | 628 (97.2) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Moderate (7–9.9 g/dL) | 10 (3.1) | 310 (96.9) | 1.13 (0.65 to 1.96) | 1.18 (0.64 to 2.19) |
| Severe (<7 g/dL) | 4 (19.1) | 17 (80.9) | 8.21 (3.20 to 21.09) | 16.42 (4.38 to 61.55) |
The final multivariable models were adjusted for the following risk factors: caste, religion, residence, below poverty line status, women's employment status, tea garden worker, parity, body mass index, maternal age, previous caesarean section, previous pregnancy problems, pre-existing medical problems, multiple pregnancies, number of antenatal visits, whether folic acid tablets were received, and mode of delivery. Mode of delivery was not included in the infant outcomes model as this is not likely to be causally associated. Gestational age was included in the low birth weight model.